Hip dysplasia, also known as developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH), is an abnormal formation of the hip joint, where the femoral head (the ball of the hip) fits too loosely in the acetabulum (the socket), leading to joint instability. This condition typically develops during gestation or shortly after birth but can also emerge later in childhood. Previously, it was referred to as congenital dysplasia of the hip (CDH).
Because hip dysplasia may not cause pain or interfere with a baby’s ability to walk, it can go undetected. For this reason, screening for DDH is part of routine newborn exams. However, some cases are not diagnosed until adolescence or adulthood, when the condition becomes more complex and may require surgical intervention.
Request an AppointmentTypes and Severity of Hip Dysplasia
Hip dysplasia can affect one or both hips and may range from mild to severe. In mild cases, the hip is unstable, and there is a partial dislocation (subluxation). In more severe cases, the hip joint is permanently dislocated, either partially or fully.
Diagnosis in Adults
In adults, hip dysplasia is often diagnosed when osteoarthritis develops, leading to pain. Although the exact cause of osteoarthritis due to untreated hip dysplasia is unclear, it is believed that the femur (thigh bone) damages the surrounding tissue as it moves abnormally against the pelvic wall. Over time, this can lead not only to arthritis but also to bone deformity.
Risk Factors for Hip Dysplasia in Adults
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) primarily affects females, first-born children, and those born in the breech position. It is also more commonly observed in the left hip. A family history of the condition increases the risk of hip dysplasia. Since DDH can develop in early childhood, it is important for children to be regularly checked to prevent the condition from going untreated and potentially leading to complications in adulthood.
Symptoms of Hip Dysplasia in Adults
In adolescents or adults, hip dysplasia typically presents with pain and sometimes a limp. The pain is often deep and felt in the groin or along the side or back of the hip. In rare cases, a clicking sound or sensation may also occur. As the condition progresses, the intensity and frequency of the pain generally increases.
Diagnosis of Hip Dysplasia in Adults
A definitive diagnosis of hip dysplasia is made through X-rays, and in some cases, an MRI. The condition is characterized by a shallow hip socket. Occasionally, hip dysplasia may be identified incidentally during imaging done for other reasons.
Treatment of Hip Dysplasia in Adults
Treatment varies depending on the severity of the dysplasia and the symptoms. For mild cases, lifestyle changes such as weight loss may help improve the condition. Physical therapy is often beneficial, focusing on exercises that lubricate the joint, reduce pain, and improve mobility. These exercises may include leg stretches, particularly hip abductions, which involve moving the leg away from the body. Heat is usually applied before therapy, and ice is used afterward to alleviate discomfort.
In more advanced cases, where arthritis has developed and pain becomes more severe, hip arthroplasty (hip replacement surgery) may be required. While surgery is occasionally performed proactively, this is rare because it is difficult to predict when the hip will become seriously arthritic.